United States presidential elections in Connecticut

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Presidential elections in Connecticut
Map of the United States with Connecticut highlighted
Number of elections59
Voted Democratic21
Voted Republican23
Voted Whig3
Voted Democratic-Republican4
Voted Federalist6
Voted other2[a]
Voted for winning candidate40
Voted for losing candidate19

Connecticut is a state in the New England region of the United States.[1] One of the original Thirteen Colonies, Connecticut has participated in all fifty-nine U.S. presidential elections since the American Revolution.[2] In the early days of the United States, Connecticut was known for supporting the conservative Federalist Party.[3] In the Second Party System, Connecticut leaned towards the anti-Jackson candidates.[4] Following the Civil War, Connecticut was a swing state for a long time until 1896.[5] Thereafter until 1932, Connecticut was a Republican stronghold. During this period, Connecticut Republican Party chairman J. Henry Roraback built up a political machine which was "efficient, conservative, penurious, and in absolute control".[6]

During the Great Depression, Connecticut began to pivot in support of Democratic candidates. After that, although the Republican Party won Connecticut several times in the presidential election, its advantage was no longer as significant as it had previously been.[7] Since 1992, the state has voted consistently for the Democratic candidates.[8]

In 2020, Joe Biden became the first candidate in Connecticut history to win over one million votes in the state, scoring nearly 1.1 million votes.

Connecticut is a signatory of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, an interstate compact in which signatories award all of their electoral votes to the winner of the national-level popular vote in a presidential election, even if another candidate won an individual signatory's popular vote. As of 2023, it has not yet gone into force.[9]

Presidential elections[edit]

Key for parties
  American Independent Party – (AI)
  Anti-Masonic Party – (Anti-M)
  Communist Party USA – (CPUSA)
  Constitutional Union Party – (CU)
  Democratic Party – (D)
  Democratic-Republican Party – (DR)
  Free Soil Party – (FS)
  Federalist Party – (F)
  Green Party – (G)
  Greenback Party – (GB)
  Independent candidate – (I)
  Know Nothing Party – (KN)
  Liberal Republican Party – (LR)
  Libertarian Party – (LI)
  National Democratic Party – (ND)
  National Republican Party – (NP)
  National Union Party – (NU)
  Progressive Party (1912) – (PR-1912)
  Progressive Party (1924) – (PR-1924)
  Progressive Party (1948) – (PR-1948)
  Prohibition Party – (PRO)
  Reform Party – (RE)
  Republican Party – (R)
  Socialist Party of America – (S)
  Southern Democratic Party – (SD)
  Whig Party – (W)
  Union Party – (U)
Note – A double dagger (‡) indicates the national winner.

1788–89 to 1820[edit]

As a part of New England, Connecticut was the stronghold of the Federalist Party. It voted for Federalist candidates in presidential elections from 1796 to 1816.[3] Before 1820, its electors were appointed by state legislature.[10]

Presidential elections in Connecticut from 1788–89 to 1820
Year Winner Runner-up EV Ref.
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1788–89
 George Washington (I)‡
–
–
–
–
–
 7
[b][c][11][12]
1792
 George Washington (I)‡
–
–
–
–
–
 9
[b][c][13][14]
1796
 John Adams (F)‡
–
–
 Thomas Jefferson (DR)
–
–
 9
[b][15][16]
1800
 John Adams (F)
–
–
 Thomas Jefferson (DR)‡
–
–
 9
[b][17][18]
1804
 Charles C. Pinckney (F)
–
–
 Thomas Jefferson (DR)‡
–
–
 9
[b][19][20]
1808
 Charles C. Pinckney (F)
–
–
 James Madison (DR)‡
–
–
 9
[b][21][22]
1812
 DeWitt Clinton (F)
–
–
 James Madison (DR)‡
–
–
 9
[b][23][24]
1816
 Rufus King (F)
–
–
 James Monroe (DR)‡
–
–
 9
[b][25][26]
1820
 James Monroe (DR)‡ 3,871 84.17% Unpledged electors (F) 728 15.83% 9
[c][27][28][29]

1824[edit]

The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote.[30] It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become president, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.[31]

1860 Presidential election in Connecticut
Year Winner Runner-up Runner-up Runner-up EV Ref.
Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%)
1824 John Quincy Adams (DR)‡ 7,494
(70.39%) 		William H. Crawford (DR) 1,965
(18.46%) 		Andrew Jackson (DR)
–[d]
 Henry Clay (DR)
–[d]
 8
[32][33]

1828 to 1856[edit]

Presidential elections in Connecticut from 1828 to 1856
Year Winner Runner-up Other candidate[e] EV Ref.
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1828 John Quincy Adams (NR) 13,829 71.36% Andrew Jackson (D)‡ 4,448 22.95%
–
–
–
 8
[34][33][35]
1832 Henry Clay (NR) 18,155 55.29% Andrew Jackson (D)‡ 11,269 34.32% William Wirt (Anti-M) 3,409 10.38% 8
[36][37][38]
1836 Martin Van Buren (D)‡ 19,294 50.65% William Henry Harrison (W) 18,799 49.35%
–
–
–
 8
[39][40][37][41]
1840 William Henry Harrison (W)‡ 31,598 55.55% Martin Van Buren (D) 25,281 44.45%
–
–
–
 8
[39][42][43][44]
1844 Henry Clay (W) 32,832 50.81% James K. Polk (D)‡ 29,831 46.17%
–
–
–
 6
[39][45][43][46]
1848 Zachary Taylor (W)‡ 30,318 48.59% Lewis Cass (D) 27,051 43.35% Martin Van Buren (FS) 5,005 8.02% 6
[39][47][48][49]
1852 Franklin Pierce (D)‡ 33,249 49.79% Winfield Scott (W) 30,359 45.46% John P. Hale (FS) 3,161 4.73% 6
[39][50][51][52]
1856 John C. Frémont (R) 42,717 53.18% James Buchanan (D)‡ 34,997 43.57% Millard Fillmore (KN) 2,615 3.26% 6
[39][53][54][55]

1860[edit]

The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country.[56] The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War.[57]

1860 Presidential election in Connecticut
Year Winner Runner-up Runner-up Runner-up EV Ref.
Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%)
1860 Abraham Lincoln (R)‡ 43,486
(53.86%) 		Stephen A. Douglas (D) 17,364
(21.5%) 		John C. Breckinridge (SD) 16,558
(20.51%) 		John Bell (CU) 3,337
(4.13%) 		6
[39][58][59][60]

1864 to present[edit]

Presidential elections in Connecticut from 1864 to present
Year Winner Runner-up Other candidate[f] EV Ref.
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1864
 Abraham Lincoln (NU)‡ 44,693 51.38% George B. McClellan (D) 42,288 48.62%
–
–
–
 6
[61][62][63][64]
1868
 Ulysses S. Grant (R)‡ 50,788 51.49% Horatio Seymour (D) 47,844 48.51%
–
–
–
 6
[61][65][66][67]
1872
 Ulysses S. Grant (R)‡ 50,314 52.41% Horace Greeley (LR) 45,695 47.59%
–
–
–
 6
[61][68][69][70]
1876
 Samuel J. Tilden (D) 61,927 50.7% Rutherford B. Hayes (R)‡ 59,033 48.33% Peter Cooper (GB) 774 0.63% 6
[61][71][72][73]
1880
 James A. Garfield (R)‡ 67,071 50.51% Winfield S. Hancock (D) 64,411 48.5% James B. Weaver (GB) 868 0.65% 6
[61][74][75][76]
1884
 Grover Cleveland (D)‡ 67,182 48.95% James G. Blaine (R) 65,898 48.01% John St. John (PRO) 2,493 1.82% 6
[61][77][78][79]
1888
 Grover Cleveland (D) 74,920 48.66% Benjamin Harrison (R)‡ 74,584 48.44% Clinton Fisk (PRO) 4,234 2.75% 6
[61][80][81][82]
1892
 Grover Cleveland (D)‡ 82,395 50.06% Benjamin Harrison (R) 77,032 46.8% John Bidwell (PRO) 4,026 2.45% 6
[61][83][84][85]
1896
 William McKinley (R)‡ 110,285 63.24% William Jennings Bryan (D) 56,740 32.54% John McAuley Palmer (ND) 4,336 2.49% 6
[86][87][88]
1900
 William McKinley (R)‡ 102,572 56.92% William Jennings Bryan (D) 74,014 41.07% John G. Woolley (PRO) 1,617 0.9% 6
[89][90][91]
1904
 Theodore Roosevelt (R)‡ 111,089 58.12% Alton B. Parker (D) 72,909 38.15% Eugene V. Debs (S) 4,543 2.38% 7
[92][93][94]
1908
 William Howard Taft (R)‡ 112,915 59.43% William Jennings Bryan (D) 68,255 35.92% Eugene V. Debs (S) 5,113 2.69% 7
[95][96][97]
1912
 Woodrow Wilson (D)‡ 74,561 39.16% William Howard Taft (R) 68,324 35.88% Theodore Roosevelt (PR-1912) 34,129 17.92% 7
[98][99][100]
1916
 Charles Evans Hughes (R) 106,514 49.8% Woodrow Wilson (D)‡ 99,786 46.66% Allan L. Benson (S) 5,179 2.42% 7
[101][102][103]
1920
 Warren G. Harding (R)‡ 229,238 62.72% James M. Cox (D) 120,721 33.03% Eugene V. Debs (S) 10,350 2.83% 7
[104][105][106]
1924
 Calvin Coolidge (R)‡ 246,322 61.54% John W. Davis (D) 110,184 27.53% Robert M. La Follette (PR-1924) 42,416 10.6% 7
[107][108][109]
1928
 Herbert Hoover (R)‡ 296,641 53.63% Al Smith (D) 252,085 45.57% Norman Thomas (S) 3,029 0.55% 7
[110][111][112]
1932
 Herbert Hoover (R) 288,420 48.54% Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 281,632 47.4% Norman Thomas (S) 20,480 3.45% 8
[113][114][115]
1936
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 382,129 55.32% Alf Landon (R) 278,685 40.35% William Lemke (U) 21,805 3.16% 8
[116][117][118]
1940
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 417,621 53.44% Wendell Willkie (R) 361,819 46.3% Earl Browder (CPUSA) 1,091 0.14% 8
[119][120][121]
1944
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 435,146 52.3% Thomas E. Dewey (R) 390,527 46.94% Norman Thomas (S) 5,097 0.61% 8
[122][123][124]
1948
 Thomas E. Dewey (R) 437,754 49.55% Harry S. Truman (D)‡ 423,297 47.91% Henry A. Wallace (PR-1948) 13,713 1.55% 8
[125][126][127]
1952
 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)‡ 611,012 55.7% Adlai Stevenson II (D) 481,649 43.91% Darlington Hoopes (S) 2,244 0.2% 8
[128][129][130]
1956
 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)‡ 711,837 63.72% Adlai Stevenson II (D) 405,079 36.26% Others 205 0.02% 8
[131][132][133]
1960
 John F. Kennedy (D)‡ 657,055 53.73% Richard Nixon (R) 565,813 46.27% Write-ins 15 0% 8
[134][135][136]
1964
 Lyndon B. Johnson (D)‡ 826,269 67.81% Barry Goldwater (R) 390,996 32.09% Write-ins 1,313 0.11% 8
[137][138][139]
1968
 Hubert Humphrey (D) 621,561 49.48% Richard Nixon (R)‡ 556,721 44.32% George Wallace (AI) 76,650 6.1% 8
[140][141][142]
1972
 Richard Nixon (R)‡ 810,763 58.57% George McGovern (D) 555,498 40.13% John G. Schmitz (AI) 17,239 1.25% 8
[143][144][145]
1976
 Gerald Ford (R) 719,261 52.09% Jimmy Carter (D)‡ 647,895 46.92% Lester Maddox (AI) 7,101 0.51% 8
[146][147][148]
1980
 Ronald Reagan (R)‡ 677,210 48.16% Jimmy Carter (D) 541,732 38.52% John B. Anderson (I) 171,807 12.22% 8
[149][150][151]
1984
 Ronald Reagan (R)‡ 890,877 60.73% Walter Mondale (D) 569,597 38.83% Gus Hall (CPUSA) 4,826 0.33% 8
[152][153][154]
1988
 George H. W. Bush (R)‡ 750,241 51.98% Michael Dukakis (D) 676,584 46.87% Ron Paul (LI) 14,071 0.97% 8
[155][156][157]
1992
 Bill Clinton (D)‡ 682,318 42.21% George H. W. Bush (R) 578,313 35.78% Ross Perot (I) 348,771 21.58% 8
[158][159][160]
1996
 Bill Clinton (D)‡ 735,740 52.83% Bob Dole (R) 483,109 34.69% Ross Perot (RE) 139,523 10.02% 8
[161][162][163]
2000
 Al Gore (D) 816,015 55.91% George W. Bush (R)‡ 561,094 38.44% Ralph Nader (G) 64,452 4.42% 8
[164][165]
2004
 John Kerry (D) 857,488 54.31% George W. Bush (R)‡ 693,826 43.95% Ralph Nader (I) 12,969 0.82% 7
[166][167]
2008
 Barack Obama (D)‡ 997,773 60.59% John McCain (R) 629,428 38.22% Ralph Nader (I) 19162 1.16% 7
[168][169]
2012
 Barack Obama (D)‡ 905,083 58.06% Mitt Romney (R) 634,892 40.73% Gary Johnson (LI) 12,580 0.81% 7
[170]
2016
 Hillary Clinton (D) 897,572 54.57% Donald Trump (R)‡ 673,215 40.93% Gary Johnson (LI) 48,676 2.96% 7
[171]
2020
 Joe Biden (D)‡ 1,080,831 59.25% Donald Trump (R) 715,291 39.21% Jo Jorgensen (LI) 20,227 1.11% 7
[172][173][174]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ George Washington, 1788–89, 1792
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Electors were appointed by state legislature.[10]
  3. ^ a b c Ran unopposed
  4. ^ a b Not on ballot
  5. ^ For purposes of these lists, other national candidates are defined as those who won at least one electoral vote, or won at least ten percent of the vote in multiple states.
  6. ^ For purposes of these lists, other candidates are defined as those who were in third place in Connecticut.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "New England". U.S. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  2. ^ Stanwood, Edward (1888). A History of Presidential Elections. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 10. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b Purcell, Richard J. (1918). Connecticut in Transition, 1775-1818. American Historical Association. p. 190. Archived from the original on 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  4. ^ Wilentz, Sean (August 29, 2006). Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32921-6. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  5. ^ Dusen, Albert Edward Van (1961). Connecticut. Random House. pp. 262–263. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  6. ^ Lockard, Duane (March 25, 2019). New England State Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-691-07511-2. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  7. ^ Kleppner, Paul (December 23, 1981). The Evolution of American Electoral Systems. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 219–225. ISBN 978-0-313-21379-3. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  8. ^ Liep, Dave. "Presidential General Election Graph Comparison - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  9. ^ "Status of National Popular Vote Bill in Each State". National Popular Vote Inc. November 11, 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  10. ^ a b Congressional Quarterly's Guide to US Elections (2. ed.). Washington, D.C: Congressional Quarterly. 1985. pp. 254–256. ISBN 9780871873392. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  11. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 836.
  12. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 23.
  13. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 837.
  14. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 24.
  15. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 838.
  16. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 25.
  17. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 839.
  18. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 26.
  19. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 840.
  20. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 27.
  21. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 841.
  22. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 28.
  23. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 842.
  24. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 29.
  25. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 843.
  26. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 30.
  27. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 844.
  28. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 31.
  29. ^ "Connecticut 1820 Electoral College". A New Nation Votes. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  30. ^ "Why the Election of 1824 Was Called 'The Corrupt Bargain'". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  31. ^ Morgan, William G. (1967). "John Quincy Adams Versus Andrew Jackson: Their Biographers And The 'Corrupt Bargain' Charge". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 26 (1): 43–58. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42622916. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  32. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 755.
  33. ^ a b Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 87.
  34. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 756.
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  36. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 757.
  37. ^ a b Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 88.
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  39. ^ a b c d e f g Burnham 1955, p. 246.
  40. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 758.
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  42. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 759.
  43. ^ a b Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 89.
  44. ^ "1840 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  45. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 760.
  46. ^ "1844 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  47. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 761.
  48. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 90.
  49. ^ "1848 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  50. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 762.
  51. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 91.
  52. ^ "1852 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  53. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 763.
  54. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 92.
  55. ^ "1856 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  56. ^ Egerton, Douglas (2010). Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War. Bloomsbury Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-59691-619-7.
  57. ^ Walther, Eric H. (2006). William Lowndes Yancey and the coming of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 262. ISBN 9780807830277. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  58. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 764.
  59. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 93.
  60. ^ "1860 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h Burnham 1955, p. 247.
  62. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 765.
  63. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 94.
  64. ^ "1864 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  65. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 766.
  66. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 95.
  67. ^ "1868 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  68. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 767.
  69. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 96.
  70. ^ "1872 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  71. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 768.
  72. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 97.
  73. ^ "1876 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  74. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 769.
  75. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 98.
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  77. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 770.
  78. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 99.
  79. ^ "1884 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  80. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 771.
  81. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 100.
  82. ^ "1888 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  83. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 772.
  84. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 101.
  85. ^ "1892 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  86. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 773.
  87. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 102.
  88. ^ "1896 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  89. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 774.
  90. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 103.
  91. ^ "1900 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  92. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 775.
  93. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 104.
  94. ^ "1904 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  95. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 776.
  96. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 105.
  97. ^ "1908 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  98. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 777.
  99. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 106.
  100. ^ "1912 Presidential General Election Results - Connecticut". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  101. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 778.
  102. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 107.
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Works cited[edit]

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