Asylum seeker

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For other uses, see Asylum seeker (disambiguation).
Asylum seekers
Total population
2.9 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
Venezuela264,000
Afghanistan208,500
Cuba194,700
Nicaragua165,800
Ukraine152,000
Syria147,600
Colombia90,500
Honduras79,700
Haiti73,500
Turkey71,800

An asylum seeker is a person who leaves their country of residence, enters another country and applies for asylum (i.e., international protection) in that other country. An asylum seeker is an immigrant who is making a claim to have been forcibly displaced and might have fled their home country because of war or other factors harming them or their family. If their case is accepted, they become considered a refugee.[2] The terms asylum seeker, refugee and illegal immigrant are often confused.

A person becomes an asylum seeker by making a formal application for the right to remain in another country and keeps that status until the application has been concluded. The relevant immigration authorities of the country of asylum determine whether the asylum seeker will be granted protection and become an officially recognized refugee or whether asylum will be refused and the asylum seeker becomes an illegal immigrant who may be asked to leave the country and may even be deported.

In North American English, the term asylee is also used. An asylee can either be an asylum seeker, as defined above, or a person whose claim for asylum was accepted and asylum was granted.[3] On average, about 1 million people apply for asylum every year.[4]

The asylum seeker may be recognised as a refugee and given refugee status if their circumstances fall into the definition of refugee according to the 1951 Refugee Convention[5] or other refugee laws—such as the European Convention on Human Rights, if asylum is claimed within the European Union. However, signatories to the refugee convention create their own policies for assessing the protection status of asylum seekers, and the proportion of asylum applicants who are accepted or rejected varies each year from country to country.

Types of asylum and protection[edit]

Asylum as an institution is not restricted to the category of individuals who qualify for refugee status. On the contrary, this institution predates the birth of the international regime for the protection of refugees.

Asylum seekers who have committed crimes against peace, a war crime or a crime against humanity, or other serious non-political crimes, or whose actions are contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations, are excluded from international protection.[6]

Convention refugee status[edit]

The 1951 Convention, in Article 1, endorses a single definition of the term "refugee". Its emphasis is on protection from political or other forms of persecution. The Convention defines a refugee as:

someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.[7]

As of 1 July 2013, there were 145 parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and 146 to the 1967 Protocol. These states are bound by an obligation under international law to grant asylum to people who fall within the definition of Convention and Protocol.[8] The refugee definitions of 1951 and 1967 are the strictest and most exclusive and persons who fall within this definition are called Convention refugees and their status is called Convention refugee status. Persons who do not fall within this definition may still be granted complementary forms of protection, if they fall within other refugee definitions.

The practical determination of whether a person is a refugee or not is most often left to certain government agencies within the host country. In some countries the refugee status determination (RSD) is done by the UNHCR. The burden of substantiating an asylum claim lies with the claimant, who must establish that they qualify for protection.[9][10]

In many countries, country-of-origin information is used by migration officials as part of the assessment of asylum claims, and governments commission research into the accuracy of their country reports. Some countries have studied the rejection rates of their migration officials making decisions, finding that individuals reject more applicants than others assessing similar cases—and migration officials are required to standardise the reasons for accepting or rejecting claims, so that the decision of one adjudicator is consistent with what their colleagues decide.[11]

The refugee definition of the 1951 Convention is universally binding, but there are many other definitions according to which protection may be offered to people who do not fall within this definition.

Subsidiary protection status[edit]

Subsidiary protection is an international protection for persons seeking asylum who do not qualify as refugees. It is an option to get asylum for those who do not have a well-founded fear of persecution (which is required for refugee status according to the 1951 Convention), but do indeed have a substantial risk to be subjected to torture or to a serious harm if they are returned to their country of origin, for reasons that include war, violence, conflict and massive violations of human rights.[12] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and European Union law have a broader definition of who is entitled to asylum.

Temporary protection visa[edit]

Temporary protection visas are used to persons in Australia who applied for refugee status after making an unauthorised arrival. It is the main type of visa issued to refugees when released from Australian immigration detention facilities and they are required to reapply for it every three years.

Statistics of asylum decisions[edit]

Outcomes of asylum applications between 2014 and 2007
Decisions 2014 [13] 2013 [14] 2012 [15] 2011 [16] 2010 [17] 2009 [18] 2008 [19] 2007 [20]
Convention refugee status 286,723 213,723 210,851 172,566 175,163 225,112 148,241 149,133
Complementary protection status 339,783 72,832 51,058 43,945 47,822 49,430 62,726 60,048
Rejected 434,850 376,181 437,969 360,746 356,154 310,945 304,811 259,982
Otherwise closed 349,440 219,461 205,351 192,472 153,016 158,219 148,001 170,704
Total 1,410,796 881,197 915,023 770,406 732,155 743,205 669,316 639,844

Status determination processes[edit]

Further information: Refugee § Refugee status determination, and Refugee law § Refugee status determination

Group determination[edit]

Asylum seekers may be given refugee status on a group basis. Refugees who went through the group status determination are also referred to as prima facie refugees. This is done in situations when the reasons for seeking refugee status are generally well known and individual assessment would otherwise overwhelm the capacities of assessors. Group determination is more readily done in states that not only have accepted the refugee definition of the 1951 Convention, but also use a refugee definition that includes people fleeing indiscriminate or generalized violence, which are not covered in the 1951 Convention.[21]

Individual assessment[edit]

For persons who do not come into the country as part of a bigger group, individual asylum interviews are conducted to establish whether the person has sufficient reasons for seeking asylum. Meanwhile, high numbers of asylum seekers necessitate governments to provide machine learning systems to assist both asylum seekers and immigration officers in performing fair and just assessments.[22]

Appeals[edit]

In many countries, asylum applicants can challenge a rejection by challenging the decision in a court or migration review panel. In the United Kingdom, more than one in four decisions to refuse an asylum seeker protection are overturned by immigration judges.[23]

Rights of asylum seekers[edit]

Further information: Right of asylum

Whilst waiting for a decision asylum seekers have limited rights in the country of asylum. In most countries they are not allowed to work and in some countries not even to volunteer. In some countries they are not allowed to move freely within the country.[citation needed] Even access to health care is limited. In the European Union, those who have yet to be granted official status as refugees and are still within the asylum process have some restricted rights to healthcare access.[24] This includes access to medical and psychological care.[24] However, these may vary depending on the host country. For instance, under the Asylum Seekers Benefits Act (Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz) in Germany, asylum seekers are outside primary care and are limited to emergency health care, vaccinations, pregnancy and childbirth with limitations on specialty care.[24] Asylum seekers have greater chance of experiencing unmet health needs as compared to the general German population. Asylum seekers also have greater odds of hospital admissions and at least one visit to a psychotherapist relative to the German general population.[citation needed]

Concerns in asylum-seeking processes[edit]

Research suggests cross-sector collaboration is key to assist refugees and asylum seekers resettle and integrate into receiving communities, workplaces and schools.[25][26][27][28]

Non-governmental organizations concerned with refugees and asylum seekers have pointed out difficulties for displaced persons to seek asylum in industrialized countries. As the immigration policy in many countries often focuses on the fight of illegal immigration and the strengthening of border controls, it deters displaced persons from entering territory in which they could lodge an asylum claim. The lack of opportunities to legally access the asylum procedures can force displaced persons to undertake often expensive and hazardous attempts at illegal entry.

In recent years, the public as well as policy makers of many countries are focusing more and more on refugees arriving through third country resettlement and pay less and less attention to asylum seekers and those who have already been granted refugee status but did not come through resettlement. Asylum seekers have even been referred to as 'queue jumpers', because they did not wait for their chance to be resettled.[29]

Legal interpreters are assigned to assist asylum seekers throughout interviews and court proceedings. These legal interpreters reflect the training they received in the training program they were certified in. The accuracy of the legal interpretation may vary depending on the training received from the interpreter and potential biases they carry coming into the interpreting session. Lack of training in asylum settings may influence interpretation sessions.[30]

Quality of life of asylum seekers and refugees is highly correlated with the mental health status. The presence of mental disorders like depression or PTSD is mainly due to the forced migration and the resettlement in host countries.[31]

Destitution[edit]

Because asylum seekers often have to wait for months or years for the results of their asylum applications and because they are usually not allowed to work and only receive minimal or no financial support, destitution is a considerable risk.[citation needed]

Asylum seekers usually get some kind of support from governments whilst their application is processed. However, in some countries this support ends immediately once they are given refugee status. But the fact that they were given refugee status does not mean that they were already given all the documents they need for starting their new lives.[32] Long waiting times significantly reduce the likelihood to obtain a job and the social integration of refugees.[31]

Refusal of asylum[edit]

Further information: Deportation and Removal proceedings

It often happens that the country neither recognizes the refugee status of the asylum seekers nor sees them as legitimate migrants and thus treats them as illegal aliens. If an asylum claim has been rejected, the asylum seeker is said to be refused asylum, and called a failed asylum seeker. Some failed asylum seekers are allowed to remain temporarily, some return home voluntarily and some are forcibly returned. The latter are most often placed in immigration detention before being deported.

In some cases in which asylum is not granted, the applicant is given the right to remain temporarily. In the UK, refused cases may be granted humanitarian protection (usually for five years) or discretionary leave to remain.

Asylum and refugee law by jurisdiction[edit]

Jurisdiction Article Past and present legislation/treaties Related organizations and programs Related events and people
 African Union Africa Refugee Day
 Australia Asylum in Australia Asylum Seeker Resource Centre
 Albania Uyghur asylum in Albania
 Azerbaijan Refugees in Azerbaijan
 Brazil
 Canada Asylum in Canada Hong Kong asylum seekers in Canada
 China

(incl.  Hong Kong)

Refugees in Hong Kong Justice Centre Hong Kong
 Cuba American fugitives in Cuba
 Denmark
 Europe Asylum in the European Union European refugee crisis
 Finland Finnish Refugee Council
 France Asylum in France
  • Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA)[34]
  • Law on immigration and integration, 2006
  • Law on the control of immigration, integration and asylum, 2007
 Germany Asylum in Germany
 Greece 2016 Turkish military asylum incident in Greece
 India Refugees in India
 Ireland
 Israel Israeli policy for non-Jewish African refugees
  Latin America Cartagena Declaration on Refugees[i]
 Middle East
 New Zealand Refugees in New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority
 Norway Refugees in Norway Norwegian Refugee Council Rafał Gaweł
 Russia(incl.  Soviet Union) Refugees and asylum in Russia Edward Lee Howard
 South Korea Refugees in South Korea Refugees on Jeju Island
  Switzerland
 UK Asylum in the UK Jews escaping to the United Kingdom
 UN(incl.  League of Nations) Organizations:

Documentation:

Campaigns/initiatives:

 US Asylum in the United States Operation Provide Comfort

See also[edit]

Related organizations[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Global Trends Report 2022" (PDF). UNHCR global. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2023.
  2. ^ Horning, A. (2020). "Double-edged risk: unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) in Sweden and their search for safety". Journal of Refugee Studies. 33 (2): 390–415. doi:10.1093/jrs/feaa034. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Asylee Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Asylum-Seekers". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  5. ^ Horning, A. (2020). "Double-edged risk: unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) in Sweden and their search for safety". Journal of Refugee Studies. 33 (2): 390–415. doi:10.1093/jrs/feaa034. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  6. ^ Handbook on European law relating to asylum, borders and immigration, 2014, page 83
  7. ^ Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Geneva: UNHCR. 2010. p. 3.
  8. ^ María-Teresa Gil-Bazo, 2006: Refugee status, subsidiary protection, and the right to be granted asylum under EC law; Research Paper No. 136, page 7
  9. ^ "Asylum Policy Instruction: Assessing credibility and refugee status" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  10. ^ "Assessment of Credibility in Claims for Refugee Protection - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada". Irb-cisr.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  11. ^ "Improving consistency in decision-making". ALRC. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  12. ^ María-Teresa Gil-Bazo, 2006: Refugee status, subsidiary protection, and the right to be granted asylum under EC law; Research Paper No. 136, page 10
  13. ^ "2014 Statistical Yearbook: Table of Contents for the Excel Annex tables". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  14. ^ "2013 Statistical Yearbook: Tables of Contents for the Excel Annex tables". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  15. ^ "2012: Statistical Yearbook: Table of Contents for the Excel Annex tables". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  16. ^ "2011: Statistical Yearbook: Table of Contents for the Excel Annex tables". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  17. ^ "2010: Statistical Yearbook: Table of Contents for the Excel Annex tables". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  18. ^ "2009: Statistical Yearbook: Table of Contents for the Excel Annex tables". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  19. ^ "2008: Statistical Yearbook: Table of Contents for the Excel Annex tables". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  20. ^ "2007: Statistical Yearbook: Table of Contents for the Excel Annex tables". Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  21. ^ "UNHCR Resettlement Handbook, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2011, page 19" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2014.
  22. ^ McNamara, Robert G; Tikka, Pia (2023). "Well-Founded Fear of Algorithms or Algorithms of Well-Founded Fear? Hybrid Intelligence in Automated Asylum Seeker Interviews". Journal of Refugee Studies. doi:10.1093/jrs/feac067.
  23. ^ Shaw, Jan "Will the UK Continue to Have One in Four Refused Asylum Cases Overturned on Appeal?", The Huffington Post, 18 April 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  24. ^ a b c Schneider, C.; Joos, S.; Bozorgmehr, K. (2015). "Disparities in health and access to healthcare between asylum seekers and residents in Germany: a population-based cross-sectional feasibility study". BMJ Open. 5 (11): e008784. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008784. PMC 4636623. PMID 26537498.
  25. ^ Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina; Nguyen, Duc Cuong; Nardon, Luciara (April 2020). "Unveiling the Canvas Ceiling : A Multidisciplinary Literature Review of Refugee Employment and Workforce Integration". International Journal of Management Reviews. 22 (2): 193–216. doi:10.1111/ijmr.12222. ISSN 1460-8545. S2CID 216204168.
  26. ^ Lee, Eun Su; Roy, Priya A.; Szkudlarek, Betina (16 August 2021), Chavan, Meena; Taksa, Lucy (eds.), "Integrating Refugees Into the Workplace – A Collaborative Approach", Intercultural Management in Practice, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 121–129, doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-826-320211011, ISBN 978-1-83982-827-0, S2CID 238706123, retrieved 27 September 2021
  27. ^ Szkudlarek, Betina; Nardon, Luciara; Osland, Joyce S.; Adler, Nancy J.; Lee, Eun Su (August 2021). "When Context Matters: What Happens to International Theory When Researchers Study Refugees". Academy of Management Perspectives. 35 (3): 461–484. doi:10.5465/amp.2018.0150. ISSN 1558-9080.
  28. ^ Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina (14 April 2021). "Refugee employment support: The HRM–CSR nexus and stakeholder co‐dependency". Human Resource Management Journal. 31 (4): 1748–8583.12352. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12352. ISSN 0954-5395. S2CID 234855263.
  29. ^ Resettlement: where’s the evidence, what’s the strategy?, Alexander Betts, Forced Migration Review 54, January 2017, page 73
  30. ^ Keselman, Olga; et al. (2008). "Mediated communication with minors in asylum-seeking hearings". Journal of Refugee Studies. 21: 103–116. doi:10.1093/jrs/fem051.
  31. ^ a b van der Boor, Catharina F.; Amos, Rebekah; Nevitt, Sarah; Dowrick, Christopher; White, Ross G. (2020). "Systematic review of factors associated with quality of life of asylum seekers and refugees in high-income countries". Conflict and Health. 14 (14): 48. doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1771008. ISSN 1752-1505. OCLC 8653932484. PMC 7473035. PMID 32699551.
  32. ^ "New refugees face homelessness and destitution". Refugeecouncil.org.uk. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  33. ^ "EDAL | European Database of Asylum Law".
  34. ^ "Code de l'entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d'asile [in French]. Légifrance. Updated 27 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  35. ^ Home page, ORAM. Retrieved 2020 December 4.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Adopted by Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela

Further reading[edit]

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