2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis

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2023 Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis
Part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Gaza–Israel conflict
Posters in Tel Aviv calling for the return of Israeli hostages in Gaza
Date7 October 2023 – present
(1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Israel and Palestine
Parties

On 7 October 2023, as part of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood in Israel at the beginning of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Palestinian militants (led by Hamas) abducted around 250 people to the Gaza Strip,[2][3][4][5][6] Of these, four were released and one rescued before the ceasefire that went into effect on 23 November.[7] The dead bodies of two of the hostages were discovered near Al-Shifa Hospital following the IDF takeover of the same in mid-November.[8] As of 25 November, an additional 41 hostages had been released by Hamas as part of the ceasefire deal.[9] The third exchange of captives occurred on 26 November. Hamas released 17 hostages abducted on 7 October, with a fourth group of captives expected to be released on 27 November.[10]

By October 2023, Israel held 5,200 Palestinians (including 170 juveniles) in its prisons. Hamas stated its objective was to secure their release.[11] The Hamas militants kidnapped 30 children,[12][13][14][15][16] elderly people,[17] and pregnant women.[18][19] In addition to full Israeli citizens, almost half of the hostages include dual citizens and foreign nationals.[20] The precise ratio of soldiers and civilians among the captives is unknown. The captives are likely being held in different locations in the Gaza Strip.[21]

Hamas has offered to release all hostages in exchange for Israel releasing all Palestinian prisoners,[22] a position supported by some Israeli families[23] but rejected by the Israeli military as "psychological terror".[24] Several countries have been involved in negotiations between Israel and Hamas, with Qatar taking the lead.[25]

On 22 November 2023, Israel and Hamas agreed to the release of 150 Palestinian prisoners and a four-day cease-fire in exchange for Hamas's release of approximately 50 of the hostages.[26][27][28] As of 26 November, Hamas had released a total of 58 hostages since the ceasefire went into effect, some of whom were foreign nationals and not included in the agreement to release 50 Israelis.[29][30]

Background

See also: Palestinian prisoners in Israel and List of Arab–Israeli prisoner exchanges

Hamas has used different tactics in order to achieve its political aims,[31] including suicide bombings, rocket attacks, cross-border raids, and tunnel infiltrations into Israeli territory from the Gaza strip.[32] These actions along the frequent targeting of civilians have led it to be considered a terrorist organization by 44 countries .[33] Hostages have been used as bargaining chips for prisoner exchanges and as propaganda tools for international attention.[34] These actions are widely condemned as violations of international law. Israel had refrained from negotiating with organizations it deemed as terrorists, opting for military or alternative measures to secure the release of hostages.[33][35][34]

Notable incidents include the 1994 kidnapping of Israeli soldier Nachshon Wachsman, resulting in his death during a failed rescue attempt by IDF forces.[36][37] Hamas actions at times were at times aimed at disrupting the peace process in the 1990s.[36] In 2006, Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was captured and held for over five years until a prisoner exchange in 2011 Israel secured his release in exchange for 1,000 Palestinians from Israeli custody, some of whom were trialed as terrorists.[4][38] The 2014 kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers, Eyal Yifrach, Naftali Fraenkel, and Gilad Shaar, heightened tensions and contributed to opening of Operation Protective Edge in 2014.[39][32]

Hamas has also held the bodies of two slain Israeli soldiers, Hadar Goldin and Oron Shaul, since the 2014 Operation Protective Edge. Additionally, at the time of its attack, Hamas was already holding two Israelis hostage: Ethiopian Israeli Avera Mengistu (since 2014) and Bedouin Israeli Hisham al-Sayed (since 2015). Hamas has also sought to ransom the remains of Israeli soldiers Oron Shaul and Hadar Goldin, which they seized during the 2014 Gaza War.[40][41][40] On 31 August 2023, Israel warned its citizens that Hamas was trying to kidnap them.[42]

On 7 October 2023, Hamas attacked Israel, initiating the 2023 Hamas-Israel war. The attack resulted in over 700 Israeli casualties and the occupation of towns, cities, and military bases by Hamas. Termed as the "Israeli 9/11," [34]the assault mainly targeted civilians, leading to widespread condemnation and accusations of war crimes.[43] The use of hostages, primarily women, children, and the elderly, is highlighted as a grave violation of international humanitarian law, which Hamas following its hostage-taking has been considered by critics to have violated.[44]

The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories describes many convictions as resulting from "a litany of violations of international law, including due process violations, that taint the legitimacy of the administration of justice by the occupying power."[4][45] Israel has engaged in prisoner exchanges with armed groups on several occasions.[46] In 2006, Hamas captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. Israel secured his release in 2011, in exchange for the release of 1,000 Palestinians from Israeli custody, including some it had convicted of terrorism.[4][38]About 1,310 Palestinians are held in Administrative detention, a practice that allows Israel to detain Palestinians indefinitely without charges or trial.[47] Israel justifies this practice citing security reasons.[48]

The issue of hostages and prisoners is considered emotional for both Israelis and Palestinians; since 1967, 750,000 to 1 million Palestinians have been arrested by Israel.[38][11][49] As of October 2023, Israel held over 5,200 Palestinians prisoners,[50] including at least 170 children.[11] (By November 2023, the number of Palestinian prisoners, including suspected militants and Gazans had increased to 10,000.[51]) Some have been convicted of terrorism by Israeli authorities.

Events of 7 October

Main article: 2023 Hamas attack on Israel

On the morning of 7 October 2023, around 6:30 a.m. IST, Palestinian militants led by Hamas launched an attack into Israel from multiple sites on its border with the Gaza Strip. The attack included ground and motorized infiltration into Israeli territory, attacks on Israel Defense Forces bases and exchanges of fire with security forces, massacres and shooting of Israeli civilians, and takeovers of communities and military facilities. The ground incursion was combined with and backed by a sustained barrage of thousands of rockets.[52]

At around 7:00 am, militants raided many communities and kibbutzim (intentional communities) in the Gaza periphery area of Israel. They killed civilians and soldiers across many communities resulting in 1,200 deaths.[53][54][55] The Economist described the combined attacks as "the biggest terror attack in [Israel's] history".[55]

As part of Israel's counteroffensive, Israel implemented a "total blockade" of the Gaza strip until the hostages have been released.[56] Amnesty International describes this measure as having been "taken to punish civilians in Gaza for the actions of Palestinian armed groups," amounting to collective punishment.[57]

In the initial wave of attacks, militants kidnapped civilians and brought them back to Gaza as captives.[4][5][58] According to statements by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, around 200 soldiers and civilians were captured or abducted during the raid on the Gaza periphery communities.[59][60] Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari, an IDF spokesperson, reported on 7 October that military officers were among those captured.[61] Israel confirmed the identity of 203 captives, among them 30 children,[62] while Gaza spokespeople reported holding roughly 200, estimating that another 50 were held by other factions.[63] The IDF says it captured "handbooks" made by Hamas to instruct its militants; these handbooks instructed to "kill the difficult" captives, and use the rest as human shields.[64]

Blindfolded teddy bears covered with red blood stains, at Tel Aviv Dizengoff Square, representing the 30 children who were kidnapped by Hamas

Civilians believed to be held captive in Gaza include families, children, festival-goers, peace activists, caregivers, and older adults.[65] 75-year-old historian Alex Danzig who has written books on Poland's Jewish community and the Holocaust, was taken from Nir Oz.[5][66] Also at Nir Oz, members of the Silberman-Bibas family were taken from their home, including an infant and 3-year-old.[67][68] Images taken by the Associated Press also showed an unidentified elderly woman being kidnapped.[58]

Some of the hostages are from France, Germany, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States.[25][69] At least seventeen Thai citizens working in greenhouses in the Gaza periphery were also kidnapped.[25][69][70] Nepal confirmed seven of its citizens who are university students were kidnapped in Herzliya and ten more Nepalis in Alumim were abducted.[71] At least one Filipino was abducted.[72]

Videos

There is a video depicting at least 64 of the abductees.[73] Video analysis from The Washington Post shows that some of the captives were executed after their capture.[74] Israeli student Noa Argamani, who was at the trance party near Re'im, was kidnapped while with her partner Avinathan Or.[5][75][76][77] They were filmed being taken by the militants to Gaza, after WhatsApp messages they sent asking for help from their hiding place from 8:10 a.m. were exposed.[75] The footage showed Argamani being taken on a motorcycle while reaching out for Or, who was led away by his captors on foot.[75]

On 19 November 2023, the Israeli military released reported CCTV footage that they claim shows hostages being lead into Al - Shifa hospital on 7 October. This was in the wake of Israel being put under pressure to substantiate claims that Hamas was operating an expansive command center under the hospital leading to its siege. However, shortly after the release BBC News indicated that they were unable to independently corroborate the claims and is not the evidence that Israel claimed to have.[78]

Treatment of captives

Billboard in Tel Aviv calling for the return of Israeli hostages in Gaza

On 13 October, Hamas released a video purporting to demonstrate its compassion towards abducted children. The video shows armed Hamas soldiers patting children on the back, rocking children in a stroller, and giving a child water.[79] On 16 October, Hamas released a video of a 21-year-old French Israeli woman pleading to be returned to her family, while someone bandages her injured arm and a scar is visible.[80]

Many hostages require medical treatment due to their medical conditions (such as Parkinson's, cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and cancer), according to a report sent to ICRC on 15 October by Dr. Hagai Levine of The Hostages and Missing Families Forum.[81]

On 24 October, one of the released hostages, Yocheved Lifshitz, described her experience. She said initially, upon capture, she was beaten on the motorcycle ride back to Gaza, but was later treated well: "They treated us gently, and provided all our needs", according to Lifshitz.[82][83] She described being taken to a network of tunnels, and kept in groups of five people, with each group assigned a guard.[84] Their captors reportedly told them they believe in the Qur'an and would not hurt them. Lifshitz said she received medical care, one meal a day, and clean conditions.[84]

A former IDF mental health officer said returning hostages who have experienced continual psychological trauma will be very cautious about saying anything that endangers other captives. He also stated returning hostages can have "black holes in their memory" and can also express sympathy for their captors due to "Stockholm syndrome".[85][better source needed][86]

Status of captives

On 22 October 2023 a list of the 204 hostages was published.[87]

Flyers of the Israelis who were kidnapped by Hamas that are a part of the Kidnapped from Israel series by Israeli artists Nitzan Mintz and Dede Bandaid

According to Israel, at least 250 additional individuals were captured on the first day of the war, but rescued that day.[88][89][25]

Negotiations

For broader coverage of this topic, see 2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire.

Hamas has offered a deal dubbed as "everyone for everyone" or "all for all" — a release of all hostages being held in Gaza in exchange for Israel releasing thousands of Palestinians in Israeli prisons.[90][22] Some Israeli families have spoken in support for such a deal.[91][23]

On 8 November, Hamas sources told news agencies that Hamas could release 10-15 hostages in exchange for a three-day humanitarian pause in fighting.[90] On 9 Nov, Benjamin Netanyhu had reportedly rejected such an exchange.[92] On 13 November it was reported that Hamas had told Qatari mediators that the group was willing to release up to 70 women and children hostages held in Gaza for a five-day truce and the release of 275 women and children held by Israel.[93]

On 9 November, Saraya Al-Quds released a video where spokesperson Abu Hamza states that they are prepared for the unconditional release of 77-year old Hanna Katsir, citing humanitarian reasons and their inability to provide her with her specific medical needs, as well as the release of 13-year old Yagil Yaakov. Israel refused the offer, claiming it would play into the captor's "psychological terror".[94] On 21 November, it was erroneously reported that Katsir had passed away due to medical complications, however she was still alive and was released on 24 November.[95]

On 22 November it was announced that Israel and Hamas had reached an agreement about a cease fire and the release of 50 hostages. While hostages held by Hamas would not be released until 23 November at the earliest, those released would be woman and children, in response the Israeli government would release 150 Palestinian prisoners, more aid would be allowed into Gaza and a four day cease-fire which would be added onto for every 10 additional hostages released. Hamas has acknowledged that of the hostages released children would be the main component of the hostages released, and the IDF has planned that an IDF officer would be on hand to facilitate the crossing and handover with the hostages being transferred into Israel for medical care.[96][97]

Rescue operations

A captured IDF private was freed on 30 October in an operation headed by the IDF, with assistance from Shin Bet and Mossad.[98][99]

Release of hostages

On 20 October, Hamas released two American hostages for humanitarian reasons and in response to Qatari and US pressure.[100][101] The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) said it helped facilitate the release of the hostages by transporting them from Gaza to Israel.[101]

On 23 October, Hamas released two Israeli women hostages, aged 79 and 85, for humanitarian reasons after mediation by Qatar and Egypt. The ICRC helped transport them out of Gaza. The released hostages were from the Nir Oz kibbutz.[25][102] One of the released hostages, Yocheved Lifshitz, and her husband Oded, a journalist still in captivity, are known peace activists that helped Palestinians in Gaza get to hospitals in Israel.[102][103] Lifshitz's daughter Sharone said that Lifshitz and other hostages were held in a "huge network" of tunnels. Lifshitz was critical of both the Shin Bet and the IDF, and the press conference was criticized as a PR disaster for Israel.[83][104]

On 27 October, a Hamas official said that Hamas could not release the hostages taken during the attack on Israel until a ceasefire is agreed.[105][106]

On 22 November, Israel and Hamas agreed to the release 150 of Palestinian prisoners and a four-day cease-fire in exchange for Hamas's release of approximately 50 of the hostages.[26] On 24 November, the release of 50 women and children hostages by Hamas over a four day period began after negotiations with Israel, with hostages being released into the care of the Red Cross through the Rafah Border Crossing and then to the Israeli Hatzerim Military Base. Some of this group were dual and foreign nationals, with individuals from Israel, Thailand, and the Philippines counted in the first group released.[26][107] As of 26 November 2023, a total of 41 hostages had been released by Hamas during the four-day ceasefire.[9] Of those released, 26 were Israeli (some being dual citizens) with a breakdown of 13 released on 24 November and 13 on 25 November.[30] In addition, 14 Thai hostages and one Filipino were released as part of a separate deal.[30] An additional 17 hostages (including 14 Israelis and one American) were released on 26 November, in exchange for 39 Palestinian prisoners.[10] The Palestinians prisoners that were freed as part of the deal had been convicted of offenses ranging from attempted murder to less severe ones such as dealing damage to property, hindering police work or assembling unlawfully. Other offenses included assault of police officers, rock-throwing, hurling firebombs, arson, and possession of firearms or explosives. Some were arrested but not convicted. Many prisoners belonged to Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and PFLP.[108] Later, Israel published list of 300 Palestinian prisoners that it will release in exchange for Israeli hostages in Gaza, 287 of which are below the age of 18.[109]

Reported deaths

The IDF confirmed on 13 October that Israeli remains were located and retrieved in the Gaza Strip.[110] On 14 October, Hamas stated that nine hostages had been killed over a 24-hour period due to Israeli airstrikes.[111] On 4 November, Hamas reported that 60 hostages had died as a result of Israel's bombing of Gaza.[112] An Israeli official responded that "Regardless of what Hamas claims, any harm done to hostages is Hamas's responsibility and they will be held accountable."[113] According to the IDF, half of the hostages were killed during the abduction or died in captivity.[114][115] At least two bodies of deceased hostages have been recovered, as of 16 November.[116]

Along with reported CCTV footage released on 19 November, Israel announced that an IDF soldier who had been captured on 7 October had been killed by Hamas while being held at the Al-Shifa hospital. Hamas denied this and indicated the soldier had been previously reported by them as being killed by an Israeli airstrike on 9 November.[78]

Aftermath

After Hamas's attack on 7 October, Israel revoked work permits for residents of Gaza. Since then, the number of Palestinians in Israeli custody has more than doubled: between 4,000 and 5,000 Palestinians working in Israel were rounded up, arrested, blindfolded, detained, and mistreated by Israeli forces, according to the United Nations' International Labour Organization and Dr. Nasri Abu Jaish of the Palestinian Ministry of Labour.[51] Israel's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories confirmed an unspecified number of Gazans had been detained, but they declined to comment on their arrests or alleged conditions. The COGAT spokesperson told The Independent: "Due to the war in the south, residents of the Gaza Strip who were residing in Israel and do not hold permits to reside in Israel were taken to a holding facility in the Judea and Samaria region. Due to the wartime situation in the south, it is not possible to return them to the Gaza Strip at this time."[117]

A "Shabbat Dinner" table at the Tel Aviv art museum plaza, with more than 200 empty seats, representing the hostages and missing held in Gaza

American-Israeli author Robby Berman set up a fund offering a reward of 1 million Israeli shekels for the release of hostages in Gaza, specifically aimed at encouraging Palestinians to aid in the rescue of Jewish prisoners.[118]

According to experts, an Israeli ground invasion of the Gaza Strip will endanger the lives of the hostages.[119] U.S. officials said the Biden administration advised Israel to delay the ground invasion of Gaza to allow more time for hostage negotiations.[120] According to Israeli officials, once Israel begins a ground invasion of Gaza, it will be almost impossible to reach a deal on the release of the hostages.[121] On 24 October, US President Joe Biden rejected calls for a ceasefire, stating "We should have those hostages released and then we can talk".[122]

Responses

See also: Kidnapped from Israel

On 16 October 2023, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh and Turkey's Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan discussed the possibility of releasing the hostages taken during the Hamas attack on Israel.[123]

In a video released by Hamas, three female hostages are shown. One of the women speaks, and lays the blame for their continued situation on the Israeli government and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. She chides the Israeli government's bombing campaign, asking if they wanted all the hostages killed, and asks for the release of all Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.[124]

A poll by the Israeli newspaper Maariv, conducted on 18–19 October, found that 65% of Israelis supported a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip and 21% opposed it.[125] In comparison, according to a poll conducted for the same newspaper on 25–26 October, only 29% of Israelis supported an immediate large-scale ground offensive into the Gaza Strip. Maariv said that "It is almost certain that the developments on the matter of the hostages, which is now topping the agenda, have had a great impact on this shift."[126]

Families of hostages

Family of 19-year-old Daniella Gilboa at a demonstration for the hostages' return, 14 October 2023

Human rights groups, international organizations, and families of those held captive have called for an immediate release of the hostages.[127] On Sunday evening, 8 October, the families of the kidnapped and missing held a press conference, demanding the government open ongoing talks with the families and carry out an operation to bring the missing home, appoint someone to maintain ongoing contact with the families, immediately involve Turkish President Erdogan, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, to release the captives.[128] The government appointed Gal Hirsch to be in charge of the issue.[129]

On 26 October, the families of the hostages met with Netanyahu.[130] The Hostages and Missing Families Forum, that represents families of the abducted people, complained that no-one had explained "whether the ground operation endangers the well-being of the 229 hostages".[131] The families also raised complaints that the government and Netanyahu had failed to provide updates to the families or meet with them until the meeting on 26 October.[130] MeIrav Gonen, a representative for the families, expressed support for a full prisoner swap, stating: "a deal of a return of our family members immediately in the framework of 'all for all' is feasible, and there will be wide national support for this."[51]

On 14 November, it was reported that families of those held hostage began a five-day-long march to Netanyahu's home in Israel to demand action and answers. One family member was quoted as saying they did not feel like they were in good hands, and that they do not get enough information, while another called on the perceived in action of the Israeli government.[132]

International

Arab Knesset member Mansour Abbas, head of the Ra'am party, called on "all Arab and Jewish citizens to maintain restraint and behave responsibly and patiently, and to maintain law and order." Arab Knesset member Ayman Odeh, head of the Hadash party said in a media interview, "Any call for militant actions and igniting a war between Arabs and Jews inside Israel is something we will not accept."[133]

On 16 October 2023, a report sent to the International Committee of the Red Cross by the Geneva-based organization Hostage and Missing Families Forum medical team, headed by professor Hagai Levine, said hostages are "in urgent need of treatment and lifesaving medication" and are "prone to immediate mortality." The report also expressed concern about babies requiring infant formula.[134][135]

On 25 October 2023, Qatar's Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani stated that there had been some progress in the hostage negotiations.[136] That same day, World Health Organization Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus met with the Hostages and Missing Families Forum and said, "There is an urgent need for the captors of the hostages to provide signs of life, proof of provision of health care and the immediate release, on humanitarian and health grounds, of all those abducted."[137]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kidnappings during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

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